CPD – Yoga & Naturopathy in Cancer Care

Integrative Role of Yoga and Naturopathy inCancer Rehabilitation: A Narrative ReviewVadde Venkata Karthik , Hema Chaitanya Latha Reddy , Harini Rudramurthy , Karthik P. Hongal ,Indira Lakshmi Putta , Charulatha KTK , Shivaprasad Shetty , Sujatha KJ1. Department of Yoga Therapeutics, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara (SDM) College of Naturopathy and YogicSciences, Ujire, IND 2. Department of Natural Therapeutics, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara (SDM) College ofNaturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Ujire, INDCorresponding author: Vadde Venkata Karthik, vaddevenkatakarthik@gmail.comAbstractCancer poses a significant global health challenge, with survivors often dealing with ongoing fatigue, pain,sleep issues, and psychological distress despite advances in traditional treatments. Integrative oncology hasincreasingly included yoga and naturopathy to address these complex needs and enhance quality of life. Weconducted a narrative review of English-language studies indexed in PubMed and Scopus between 2000 and2025, using the keywords “yoga,” “cancer-related fatigue,” “cancer,” “cancer-related quality of life,”“cytokines,” “naturopathy,” and “cancer rehabilitation.” We included randomized controlled trials, clinicaltrials, and reports on mechanistic or integrative programs in adult oncology populations; non-peerreviewed, non-indexed sources were excluded. Yoga interventions, generally a mix of asanas, pranayama,and meditation, have been shown to reduce cancer-related fatigue and improve mood, sleep, and overallquality of life, especially in breast and mixed-cancer groups, with small-to-moderate effects noted in metaanalyses. Mechanistic studies reveal reductions in cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines such asinterleukin (IL)-1β and IL-1ra, indicating modulation of chronic inflammation and stress responses.Naturopathy-based programs, combining diet, hydrotherapy, massage, and lifestyle counseling, offeradditional benefits in functional capacity, symptom relief, and patient-reported outcomes alongsideconventional treatments. Overall, yoga and naturopathy are generally safe when properly adapted, withincreasing feasibility for both group and home-based formats. Evidence supports yoga and emergingnaturopathy-inclusive programs as safe, effective adjuncts for cancer rehabilitation, especially for fatigue,distress, sleep issues, and inflammation. Larger, mechanistically focused trials on combined yoganaturopathy approaches are needed to improve personalization and implementation in routine cancer care.Categories: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Integrative/Complementary Medicine, OncologyKeywords: cancer rehabilitation, cancer-related fatigue, naturopathy, quality of life, yoga therapyIntroduction And BackgroundCancer is a major global health challenge, with an estimated 19.3 million new cases and almost 10 milliondeaths reported worldwide in 2020 [1,2]. Beyond survival, cancer and its treatments impose substantialphysical (pain, fatigue, nausea, immunosuppression), psychological (anxiety, depression, cognitivedifficulties), and social (isolation, economic stress, role disruption) burdens that markedly impair quality oflife across the disease trajectory [3-5]. Although modern treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy,radiotherapy, and targeted therapies have markedly improved survival, delayed disease progression, andreduced cancer-related deaths, many people still live with ongoing health problems long after treatmentends. Survivors commonly report persistent cancer-related fatigue, chronic pain, sleep difficulties, nerverelated symptoms, problems with memory and concentration, low mood, anxiety, sexual and emotionalconcerns, and an overall decline in day-to-day quality of life [6]. This has driven growing interest incomplementary and integrative medicine approaches that aim to enhance conventional care by improvingsymptom control, psychological resilience, and overall well-being [7]. Among these, yoga is one of the mostwidely accepted and studied modalities in integrative oncology, and, together with naturopathy, offers apromising holistic strategy to address multidimensional needs and improve quality of life in cancerrehabilitation [8]. Yoga, involving asanas, pranayama, and meditation, reduces cancer-related fatigue,anxiety, and inflammation via neuroendocrine modulation. Naturopathy, emphasizing hydrotherapy, mudtherapy, nutrition, and massage, complements this by targeting detoxification, pain relief, and immunesupport, as seen in integrative protocols for advanced cancers [9].The objective of this review is to assess the role of yoga and naturopathy in cancer rehabilitation, with anemphasis on symptom management, quality of life, and mechanistic pathways. Specific goals are to (i)summarize clinical outcomes associated with yoga in cancer populations, (ii) outline the contribution ofnaturopathic interventions in oncologic settings, (iii) explore mechanistic intersections alongneuro‑immune‑metabolic axes, and (iv) discuss implications for practice and research. By examining thesedomains collectively, the review aims to clarify how an integrated yoga-naturopathy framework can supporta more patient‑centric model of cancer rehabilitation.1 1 1 12 2 1 2Open Access Review ArticleHow to cite this articleVenkata Karthik V, Reddy H, Rudramurthy H, et al. (March 20, 2026) Integrative Role of Yoga and Naturopathy in Cancer Rehabilitation: ANarrative Review. Cureus 18(3): e105544. DOI 10.7759/cureus.105544ReviewMethodologyA focused literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus for studies published between 2000 and2025. The search was restricted to English-language, full-text publications involving adult humanparticipants with a current or prior cancer diagnosis. We combined relevant keywords and Medical SubjectHeadings (MeSH) using Boolean operators, for example, (“yoga” OR “mind-body interventions”) AND(“cancer-related fatigue” OR “fatigue”) AND (“cancer” OR “oncology”) AND (“quality of life” OR “cancerrelated quality of life”) AND (“cytokines” OR “inflammation” OR “immune markers”) AND (“naturopathy”OR “integrative oncology” OR “cancer rehabilitation”). Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials(RCTs), controlled clinical trials, mechanistic studies assessing inflammatory or immune biomarkers, andintegrative clinical program reports that evaluated yoga- or naturopathy-based interventions in adultoncology populations and reported outcomes related to cancer-related fatigue or quality of life. We excludedpediatric and animal studies, non-peer-reviewed sources, conference abstracts, non-English-languagepublications, and studies that did not report fatigue or quality of life outcomes. Titles and abstracts werescreened for relevance, followed by full-text review against predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Theinitial search yielded 164 records (146 from electronic databases and 18 from manual searches). Afterremoval of 32 duplicates, 132 unique records were screened by title and abstract, of which 97 were excludeddue to lack of relevance, non-interventional design, animal or pediatric samples, or absence of cancerrelated fatigue or quality of life outcomes. A total of 35 full-text articles were assessed in detail, and 22 wereexcluded because they did not report the outcomes of interest. A total of 13 studies met all inclusion criteriaand were retained for this narrative review, comprising RCTs, clinical intervention studies, qualitativeresearch, and integrative oncology program reports evaluating yoga- and naturopathy-based interventionsin adult patients with cancer.Yoga‑based interventions in cancer rehabilitationCancer-Related FatigueApproximately 80% of individuals suffer from moderate-to-severe cancer-related fatigue either whilereceiving treatment or following completion of treatment. As such, cancer-related fatigue represents one ofthe most commonly reported debilitating symptoms experienced by individuals with cancer [3]. Cancerrelated fatigue interferes with daily activities, treatment compliance, and quality of life, but is difficult tomanage effectively using conventional approaches alone. Yoga has been identified as a powerful nonpharmacologic tool for managing cancer-related fatigue through its influence on physical conditioning,autonomic function, and psychosocial support [10]. Several RCTs and meta-analyses support theeffectiveness of yoga in reducing cancer-related fatigue. A systematic review including 13 RCTs showed thatyoga resulted in moderate reductions in fatigue in breast cancer survivors (standardized mean difference(SMD) = -0.54). Follow-up studies have since supported these results in patients with a variety of cancers,including breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, and hematologic cancers, showing that yoga reduces fatiguescores significantly compared with usual care or health education controls. These effects persist beyond theintervention period, highlighting sustained benefit [11].Pain and Physical FunctionCancer pain, often complex and undertreated, results from tumor invasion, toxic effects of cancer therapies,and associated diseases [12]. Yoga’s gentle range of motion postures and mindful breathing enhancemusculoskeletal flexibility, improve venous and lymphatic return, and activate parasympathetic pathways,which together may reduce central sensitization, downregulate stress-responsive neuroendocrine circuits(such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), modulate inflammatory cytokines, and increaseendogenous pain-inhibitory mechanisms, thereby decreasing perceived pain and disability [13]. Clinicaltrials using standardized patient-reported pain measures have shown substantial reductions in chronic painamong cancer survivors practicing yoga. Notably, yoga practice is also helpful in improving functional statusand decreasing stiffness, enabling greater autonomy in self-care [14].Sleep DisturbancesSleep disturbances are highly prevalent in oncology, and commonly include difficulty falling asleep,frequent night-time awakenings, early-morning awakening, non-restorative sleep, circadian rhythmdisruption, and, in some cases, restless legs, all of which can worsen fatigue, mood, and immune function[15]. Yoga combines breathing techniques, gentle physical postures, and meditative practices that reducehyperarousal of the sympathetic nervous system, enhance parasympathetic tone, stabilize circadianrhythms, and lower stress-related inflammatory signaling, thereby shortening sleep-onset latency,decreasing night-time awakenings, improving sleep efficiency, and promoting deeper, more restorativesleep. RCTs have shown effectiveness in reducing sleep-onset latency and overall sleep disturbances inpatients with breast and prostate cancer [16]. These benefits are commonly associated with a reduction insymptoms of anxiety and depression, promoting a positive feedback loop that enhances overall well-being[17].2026 Venkata Karthik et al. Cureus 18(3): e105544. DOI 10.7759/cureus.105544 2 of 7Psychological and Emotional Well-beingCancer diagnosis and management also carry significant psychological tolls in terms of depression, anxiety,distress, and fear of recurrence [18]. Yoga’s meditative and mindfulness-based approach to emotionalregulation promotes acceptance and resilience. Systematic reviews have found significant reductions inanxiety (SMD = -0.61) and depression (SMD = -0.48) in cancer patients undergoing yoga therapy compared tocontrols [19]. Group yoga therapy also offers social support, reduces feelings of isolation, and improvesspiritual well-being [20].Quality of LifeIn addition to personal symptomatic management, yoga practice has been shown to enhance various aspectsof health-related quality of life, such as physical, emotional, social, and role functioning [21]. Meta-analyticresults show that yoga has a moderate positive effect on global quality of life, with more pronounced effectsnoted in patients undergoing longer duration interventions (≥8 weeks). These positive effects can be directlyattributed to improved treatment tolerance, enhanced physical activity, and greater patient empowerment,important predictors of long-term survivorship [22].Breast cancer survivors have been the main subject of interest for most yoga studies in the cancerpopulation because of their relatively high incidence and interest in complementary approaches [23].However, an increasing body of evidence now supports the safety and efficacy of yoga in other cancers suchas prostate, colorectal, lung, blood, and pediatric cancers [24]. Multi-center clinical trials conducted ingeographically, culturally, and infrastructurally diverse settings have established the adaptability andapplicability of yoga [25].Clinical Personalized Intervention ProtocolsYoga therapy in oncology is very flexible, with methods being particularly tailored to suit each patient’sindividual medical condition, cancer type, stage, treatment phase, and prevailing symptoms. Suchpersonalized interventions can be highly variable in several ways, including duration, intensity, frequency,and method of delivery. For patients with limited mobility or advanced disease, chair yoga or restorativeyoga is a safe and effective starting point, using modified poses that avoid exacerbating symptoms while stillpromoting circulation and relaxation [26]. For cancer survivors who have regained their functional capacity,moderate-intensity yoga styles such as Hatha or Iyengar yoga are commonly practiced, which combinephysical conditioning with breathing and mindfulness techniques to manage fatigue, musculoskeletaldebility, and psychological distress [27]. Contemporary oncology yoga practice has also been extended toinclude home and tele-yoga programs to improve accessibility for patients with geographical, mobility, orimmunocompetence limitations. Such digital and hybrid platforms enable regular patient engagement,facilitate mass dissemination, and enable personalization through interactive guidance and progresstracking, thus obviating the need for transportation and immunosuppression-related limitations [28].Careful individualized assessments by cancer-specialized yoga therapists also ensure safety, appropriatelevels of intensity, and smooth integration with simultaneous medical therapies, making yoga a holisticsupport modality throughout the cancer experience (Table 1).Situation/Patient type Yoga approach Main purposeAdvanced disease/Low mobility Chair or restorative yoga Gentle movement, circulation, relaxation, pain, and stiffness reliefDuring or soon after treatment Gentle breathing practices Symptom relief (fatigue, sleep, mood) and basic strengthFunctionally recovered survivors Hatha or Iyengar-based yoga Fitness, flexibility, fatigue and stress management, and quality of lifeHome or tele-yoga users Online/Hybrid sessions Access, regular practice, and safe guidance from homeTABLE 1: Tailoring yoga interventions in oncology.This table summarizes how yoga protocols in oncology are commonly adapted to different clinical situations, matching the style and intensity of practice topatient mobility, treatment phase, and overall functional status.Naturopathy in oncologic rehabilitationNaturopathic medicine practices a broad spectrum of modalities, but some have been investigated in peerreviewed oncology literature. A prospective cohort study on naturopathic oncology practice in thoracicmalignancies outlined individualized treatment programs incorporating dietary counseling, exercise, stressmanagement, acupuncture, and supplementation, showing high patient satisfaction and suggestive benefitfor symptom control, although survival benefit was not established [29]. In another study on prostate cancer2026 Venkata Karthik et al. Cureus 18(3): e105544. DOI 10.7759/cureus.105544 3 of 7patients undergoing radiotherapy, additional naturopathic and nutritional supplements incorporatingvitamins, minerals, and botanicals seemed to affect tumor response and quality of life, suggesting possiblesynergistic effects with conventional therapies [30].Dietary-focused naturopathic therapies, usually incorporating plant-based, low-glycemic, and antiinflammatory foods, aim to modulate metabolic factors driving malignancy and treatment toxicity [31]. Byemphasizing vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, these approaches help reduce excessadiposity, improve lean mass-to-fat mass ratios, stabilize blood glucose and insulin responses, and lowersystemic inflammatory markers, all of which are linked with better body composition, reduced fatigue, andmore favorable metabolic profiles in cancer populations [32]. At a biochemical level, healthy dietary patternscan influence cytokine signaling, tending to lower pro-inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein,interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while supporting a more regulated immuneenvironment that may enhance treatment tolerance and recovery. Micronutrients commonly emphasized insuch protocols include antioxidant vitamins (A, C, E), vitamin D, B-complex vitamins, and trace elementssuch as zinc, selenium, and copper, as well as omega-3 fatty acids and arginine, which together supportimmune cell function, redox balance, and tissue repair. Diet also exerts profound effects on the gutmicrobiome. High-fiber, plant-forward diets increase beneficial taxa such as Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium,and other short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, whose metabolites (e.g., butyrate, propionate) nurturethe intestinal barrier, modulate systemic immunity, and may improve responses to therapies includingimmunotherapy [33]. Mind-body and physical therapies used in naturopathic medicine, such ashydrotherapy (contrast baths, affusions), massage, therapeutic exercise, breathing practices, guidedrelaxation, and meditation, mirror rehabilitation goals by targeting pain modulation, circulatoryenhancement, autonomic balance, and stress reduction, and are frequently combined with yoga inintegrative oncology settings. Within relaxation therapy, naturopathic practice may incorporate techniquessuch as progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery, mindfulness or mantra meditation, breathing-basedrelaxation, and sometimes music or aromatherapy, all aiming to downregulate sympathetic arousal andsupport parasympathetic recovery [34]. Conceptually, these naturopathic modalities and yoga share acommon biopsychosocial framework, both seek to optimize internal milieu (inflammation, autonomic tone,endocrine balance), improve functional capacity, and enhance quality of life, and emerging scientificliterature increasingly supports their complementary roles in comprehensive cancer rehabilitation. Evidencewith more direct implications for the role of naturopathy in hard oncologic outcomes is beginning to appearin the literature from cohort and comparative trials. In a major observational study of patients with coloncancer treated with Chinese herbal compounds and vitamins in addition to chemotherapy, survival benefitswere observed compared with standard care alone, supporting the hypothesis that well-designed herbal andnutritional approaches may influence treatment outcomes [35]. However, variability in preparation and therisk of herb-drug interactions emphasize the importance of standardized approaches.Integrated yoga-naturopathy protocolsThe integration of yoga and naturopathy in rehabilitation packages can be understood by the recent trialsand cases. An RCT was conducted on patients with stage II and III adenocarcinoma of the colon. Theadjuvant treatment program included yoga classes, naturopathic diet counseling, and certain physicalnature-cure practices along with chemotherapy. The patients undergoing the integrative treatment showedimprovement in hemoglobin levels; reduction in anxiety and depression; reduction in symptoms, includingpain, fatigue, nausea, appetite loss, sleep disturbance, and treatment-related discomfort; and higher scoreson the Functional Living Index-Cancer compared to those undergoing chemotherapy alone. This shows notonly symptomatic relief but also hematological improvement, suggesting that these programs can enhancethe tolerability and efficacy of cytotoxic therapy [36].A detailed case report on a patient with advanced rectal carcinoma showed the combination of yogapractices, including asanas, pranayama, relaxation, and meditation, with naturopathic therapies, such asmud packs, hydrotherapy, massage, and a plant-based diet during palliative chemotherapy. During thecourse of treatment, the patient demonstrated a significant reduction in pain, as measured by visual analogscales, and significant improvement in disease-specific quality of life parameters. The case report highlightsthe importance of integrative care in managing not only pain and symptoms but also emotional andexistential issues, thereby providing a more dignified and comfortable experience of survivorship or end-oflife care [13].DiscussionIntegration of current evidence suggests that combining yoga and naturopathy offers a more personcentered model of cancer rehabilitation, shifting the focus from tumor control alone to long-term symptomrelief, functional recovery, and quality of life. Standard oncologic treatments remain central for diseasecontrol, but they are not designed to fully address the chronic fatigue, pain, sleep disturbance, emotionaldistress, and physical deconditioning that many survivors continue to experience years after treatment.Yoga addresses this gap through practices involving breath, movement, and meditation; reduces perceivedstress and autonomic hyperarousal, normalizes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity; andimproves parasympathetic (vagal) tone, which, in turn, modifies neuroendocrine and immune signalingrelevant to both symptoms and disease biology. Mechanistic studies have shown that yoga can increase2026 Venkata Karthik et al. Cureus 18(3): e105544. DOI 10.7759/cureus.105544 4 of 7heart rate variability, lower resting cortisol, and reduce pro‑inflammatory cytokines such as IL‑6, TNF‑α, IL1β, IL-1ra, and CRP, changes that are associated with reduced fatigue, better mood, and potentiallyimproved immune surveillance [37,38]. Naturopathic interventions influence the sameneuro‑immune‑metabolic axis. Diets rich in plant-based, low‑glycemic, and anti‑inflammatory foods helpstabilize glucose and insulin dynamics, reduce visceral adiposity, and downregulate inflammatorysignalling, which can ease fatigue and support healthier body composition and metabolic profiles. Manydietary protocols emphasise phytochemicals such as polyphenols, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds,and isothiocyanates, which modulate oxidative stress, Nrf2 and NF‑κB pathways, and tumor cellproliferation or apoptosis in preclinical models [39]. At the same time, attention to micronutrients (e.g.,vitamins D, C, B‑complex, zinc, selenium, omega‑3 fatty acids) and gut‑supportive, fiber‑rich foods canimprove immune competence and reshape the gut microbiome, enhancing production of short‑chain fattyacids that influence both systemic inflammation and brain function. Within naturopathy, mind-body andphysical modalities such as hydrotherapy, massage, breathing and relaxation techniques, and other gentlephysical therapies are conceptually aligned with rehabilitation goals of pain control, circulatory support, andstress reduction, and are often delivered alongside yoga in integrative oncology programs [40]. The immunemodulating effects of yoga’s parasympathetic stimulation, heart rate variability, and reduction of cortisoland inflammatory mediators may help improve immune function and resilience to treatments and fear ofrecurrence [41]. Naturopathic approaches that help regulate blood sugar, suppress overactive oxidativestress, and provide adequate micronutrient levels further support mitochondrial and tissue repair, possiblycounteracting some of the metabolic disturbances that occur with cancer and its treatments [42]. Whencombined comprehensively, these approaches seem to provide a broader range of the “hallmarks” ofsurvivorship challenges, i.e., chronic inflammation, immune suppression, psychological distress, andfunctional impairment, than any single approach used in isolation.From a practical standpoint, existing studies show that yoga and naturopathy can be combined and deliveredacross multiple settings, including outpatient oncology clinics, inpatient rehabilitation units, andcommunity-based survivorship programs. These services have been offered through group classes, one-toone sessions, structured home-practice materials, and tele-yoga formats, which help overcome barriersrelated to distance, mobility limitations, and treatment schedules [43]. When provided by trainedpractitioners who adapt postures, intensity, and techniques to disease stage, comorbidities, and treatmentrelated vulnerabilities, reported safety profiles are generally favorable, with serious adverse eventsuncommon. Practical safeguards include modifying or avoiding certain practices in the context of bonemetastases, severe anemia, neuropathy, cardiopulmonary compromise, or thromboembolic risk, andcoordinating with the oncology team regarding potential herb-drug interactions or hemodynamic effects ofmore intensive naturopathic procedures [44].Scaling up integrative yoga-naturopathy programs in cancer care holds considerable promise, but severalpractical challenges remain. Successful implementation would require trained professionals with expertisein oncology-focused yoga therapy and naturopathy, along with adequate infrastructure, time allocationwithin clinical settings, sustainable funding, and support from insurance systems. Additionally, clearreferral pathways and interdisciplinary coordination are essential, particularly in busy oncology clinicswhere patient load and resource constraints may limit the integration of complementary care services.Patients face their own hurdles, such as travel hassles, costs, symptoms, work-family juggles, and culturalskepticism, especially in rural or low-resource regions. Clinicians hesitate without standardized protocols,herb-drug safety data, and proof of long-term wins and cost savings, calling for better education and crossteam collaboration.Research gaps persist, with programs lacking robust trials and yoga studies suffering from small samples,varied methods, and short follow-ups that obscure optimal dosing and comparisons. Naturopathy oftenbundles too many elements for clear takeaways, and much work caters to motivated elites in elite centers,not everyday, diverse patients. Yet, mounting evidence from RCTs, meta-analyses, and clinic realities backstheir role in easing fatigue, pain, sleep issues, mood, and quality of life via neuroendocrine, immune, andmetabolic pathways. Large-scale studies are needed to tackle workforce, access, and safety to deliver tailoredsurvivorship care and lighten the long-term toll of the treatment.ConclusionsThe integration of yoga and naturopathy as organized adjuncts to conventional oncology represents apragmatic, evidence-informed approach to comprehensive rehabilitation, concurrently addressingpsychological, immune, and metabolic dysfunctions. With proper training and precautions, these modalitiescan significantly improve the quality of life and symptom management in cancer survivors.Additional InformationAuthor ContributionsAll authors have reviewed the final version to be published and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of thework.2026 Venkata Karthik et al. Cureus 18(3): e105544. DOI 10.7759/cureus.105544 5 of 7Concept and design: Vadde Venkata Karthik, Karthik P. Hongal, Sujatha KJ, Indira Lakshmi PuttaAcquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Vadde Venkata Karthik, Hema Chaitanya Latha Reddy,Harini Rudramurthy, Shivaprasad Shetty, Charulatha KTKDrafting of the manuscript: Vadde Venkata Karthik, Hema Chaitanya Latha Reddy, Harini Rudramurthy,Karthik P. Hongal, Charulatha KTK, Indira Lakshmi PuttaCritical review of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Vadde Venkata Karthik, HemaChaitanya Latha Reddy, Harini Rudramurthy, Karthik P. Hongal, Shivaprasad Shetty, Sujatha KJ, CharulathaKTK, Indira Lakshmi PuttaSupervision: Shivaprasad Shetty, Sujatha KJDisclosuresConflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare thefollowing: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received fromany organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they haveno financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that mighthave an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are noother relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.References1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F: Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer JClin. 2021, 71:209-49. 10.3322/caac.216602. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2022:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer JClin. 2024, 74:229-63. 10.3322/caac.218343. Miller KD, Nogueira L, Devasia T, et al.: Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2022. 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